Parashat Naso
The Service of Song
The duty of the
Levites to accompany the Tabernacle service with music and song reminds us to
serve God with joy.
By Rabbi Avraham Fischer
The following article
is reprinted with permission from the Orthodox
Union.
The G-d-centric, Torah-centric, Mishkan (Tabernacle)-centric Israelite camp described in the
opening section of the Book of Bamidbar [Numbers] is ordered, sanctified and
serene. A census of the population is taken. The tribe of Levi is counted
separately, and their holy tasks in the Mishkan are assigned:
All those that were numbered, whom Moshe and Aharon and the
princes of Israel counted of the Levites according to their families and
according to their fathers’ houses; from thirty years old and upward, until
fifty years old, all those who come to perform service to a service (avodat avodah) and the service of
carrying in the Tent of Meeting. Their accounts were 8,580. According to the
word of Hashem through Moshe did he appoint them, each one to his service and
to his burden, and those that were numbered constituted that which Hashem had
commanded Moshe (Bamidbar 4:46-49).
The Levites’ duties fall into two distinct categories of
service. The service of carrying is obviously the transporting of the parts of
the Mishkan from place to place in the desert, a responsibility that would
become superfluous once the people would enter the land of Israel. But, what is
service to a service (avodat avodah)?
This is not the first time such a dichotomy has been employed by the Torah.
Verse 24 speaks of the service of the families of the Gershon-division of the
tribe of Levi:
to serve (la’avod) and to carry (l’masah).
There, IbnEzra
(12th century Spain) says that, while “to carry” refers to
transporting the Mishkan from one encampment to the next, “to serve” refers to
all the duties of the Levites at the place of encampment. These duties include
setting up the Mishkan, baking the show-bread, slaughtering the sacrifices and
guarding the Mishkan. The distinction between the two lies in the place where
the duties are discharged.
Rashi, based on the Talmud (Arachin 11a) and the Midrash (Bamidbar Rabbah
6:10), sees in the phrase “service to a service (avodat avodah)” an allusion to
the Shirah, song and instrumental
music produced by the Levites. During the wine-libations of certain obligatory
sacrifices, the Levites would sing and play musical instruments as an
accompaniment to the sacrificial service.
From the age of twenty-five, Levites would begin training in instrumental and
vocal music. After age fifty, when a Levi is disqualified from many duties, he
may continue to function as a musician.
According to Rashi, the phrase “service to a service” refers to music because
it is the service that is to say, accompanying, another service, namely the
sacrifices. A fuller treatment of the musical duties of the Levites is found in
Divrei HaYamim (Chronicles).
For example,
"And he [King Chizkiyahu] set up the Levites in the
House of Hashem with cymbals, with harps and with lyres by the command of David
and Gad, the king’s seer, and Natan the prophet, for in the Hand of Hashem is
the command by the hand of His prophets" (Divrei HaYamim II 29:25).
In the Rashi commentary on that verse, it says that the
service of music is not explicitly stated in the Torah, but is communicated via
the prophets. At best, it is hinted at in the Torah.
In the passages cited in Arachin and Bamidbar Rabbah the Sages search for a
Torah hint for the institution of music during the sacrifices. The verse, “all
those who come to perform service to a service” is one of many suggested, but
it seems to be the most persuasive source, according to Rashi.
Rabbeinu Bachya (ben Asher ben Hlava, 13th Century) further defends identifying
the Levites’ music as a service from the following verse:
"And the musicians the children of Asaf upon their positions . . . they
must not depart from upon their service (Avodatam)"
(Divrei HaYamim II 35:15).
In contrast, Rambam (Laws of the Sanctuary Utensils 3:2) quotes a different
verse suggested by the Sages:
"And he will serve with the Name of Hashem his G-d as all his brethren,
the Levites" (Deuteronomy 18:7), for which Rambam quotes the reasoning of
the Sages: 'What type of service is “with the Name of Hashem?' We must say it
is song."
All these commentaries agree that the Levites’ music is a service. But, while
Rambam focuses on the fact that it is a service performed with the voice,
uttering the Name of Hashem, Rashi defines it as the only service that is not
performed alone, but as an adjunct to another service.
Haketav V’hakabbalah (R. Yaakov Tzvi Mecklenburg, 1785-1865) has a different
approach to the essence of the Levites’ music as service. He quotes the same
verse as Rabbeinu Bachya, and he accepts Rashi’s use of “service to a service (avodat
avodah),” but says that music is so called because it expresses joy:
"In the same way as a commandment is service to Hashem,
may He be blessed, so is the joy of the commandment called service, as it is
written, 'because you did not serve Hashem, your G-d, with joy' (Devarim
28:47)."
Behold, joy is the completion of the service. Therefore, the
music that the Levites would produce to arouse joy for the commandment of
offering sacrifices, so that the performance of the commandment will be with
joy, is called service to a service.
Music expresses wholeness (an idea that is found in the writings of the Maharal,
R. Yehudah Loew ben Betzalel, c. 1525-1609). Haketav V’hakabbalah argues that
music is service to a service because it makes the service of sacrifices into a
total service to Hashem by completing it through joy.
Perhaps, more than other commandments, sacrifice requires joy because it has
the greatest potential for confusing the means with the ends: We may mistakenly
think that Hashem is “appeased” through our sacrifice, regardless of our
emotional state. The Levites’ song teaches that Hashem wants not only
obedience, but devotion as well.
The Zohar (III:223b) says that music has the same spiritual source as prophecy.
Prophecy is the joyful fulfillment of the human personality.
When we serve Hashem in joy, we complete ourselves. Then, Hashem’s camp is
truly whole.
